"ff." typically means "and the following pages" or "and the following lines."
When you see "ff." in a book, article, or other written work, it is a shorthand way of indicating that the information related to the reference spans multiple pages or lines after the one specifically mentioned. It tells the reader to look beyond the initial page/line for continued or related content.
For example:
- "See page 12 ff." means "See page 12 and the pages following."
This abbreviation helps avoid listing every single page or line number when a discussion or concept is spread across a range of text. It is a useful tool for academic writing and other forms of referencing.
