Acidosis and alkalosis represent opposite ends of the body's acid-base balance spectrum. The difference lies in the level of acidity (pH) in body fluids. Normal physiological pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
Acidosis
Acidosis occurs when the body fluids become too acidic, meaning the pH drops below 7.35. This indicates an excess of acid or a deficiency of base. Several conditions can lead to acidosis, including:
- Respiratory Acidosis: The lungs fail to adequately remove carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary acid in the body. This can be due to lung disease, airway obstruction, or respiratory depression. [Source: Cleveland Clinic - Respiratory Acidosis]
- Metabolic Acidosis: The body produces excessive acid or loses too much bicarbonate, a base. Causes include kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, and ingestion of certain toxins. [Source: MedlinePlus - Acidosis]
Symptoms can vary depending on the cause and severity but may include:
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Confusion
- Headache
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea and vomiting [Source: Testing.com - Acidosis and Alkalosis]
Alkalosis
Conversely, alkalosis occurs when the body fluids become too alkaline, meaning the pH rises above 7.45. This signals an excess of base or a deficiency of acid. Potential causes include:
- Respiratory Alkalosis: The body loses too much carbon dioxide through rapid breathing (hyperventilation), often due to anxiety, high altitude, or lung disease. [Source: Cleveland Clinic - Respiratory Acidosis (indirectly)]
- Metabolic Alkalosis: Excessive loss of acid or gain of base in the body. Causes can include prolonged vomiting, diuretic use, or certain medications. [Source: Study.com - Acidosis vs. Alkalosis]
Symptoms may include:
- Muscle twitching or cramps
- Irritability
- Weakness
- Numbness or tingling
- Confusion [Source: Pathology Tests Explained - Acidosis and alkalosis]
Summary Table
| Feature | Acidosis | Alkalosis |
|---|---|---|
| pH | Below 7.35 | Above 7.45 |
| Cause | Excess acid or deficiency of base | Excess base or deficiency of acid |
| Types | Respiratory, Metabolic | Respiratory, Metabolic |
| Symptoms | Fatigue, shortness of breath, etc. | Muscle cramps, irritability, etc. |
Both acidosis and alkalosis are serious conditions requiring medical attention. The underlying cause must be addressed for effective treatment. [Source: Various sources]
