Growing green almonds involves planting and cultivating an almond tree specifically for harvesting the immature, green fruit. This is different from growing almonds for the mature nuts. Here's how to do it:
1. Choosing the Right Almond Tree Variety:
- Variety Selection: Not all almond varieties are ideal for harvesting green almonds. Some varieties are specifically cultivated for this purpose, typically ones that produce softer shells and more palatable green fruit. Research local nurseries or online resources to identify almond varieties suitable for green almond production in your region. Consider factors like chilling hours (the number of hours below a certain temperature required for proper fruit set) appropriate for your climate.
- Self-Fertile vs. Cross-Pollination: Almond trees often require cross-pollination to produce fruit. Select a self-fertile variety, or plant two or more compatible varieties to ensure successful pollination and fruit set.
2. Planting the Almond Tree:
- Timing: The best time to plant an almond tree is during its dormant period, typically in late autumn or early winter.
- Location: Choose a sunny location with well-draining soil. Almond trees need at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight each day. Avoid locations prone to late spring frosts, as these can damage the developing green almonds. A sheltered site is preferable.
- Soil Preparation: Almond trees thrive in well-drained, loamy soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0). Amend heavy clay soil with compost and other organic matter to improve drainage and aeration.
- Planting Process: Dig a hole twice as wide as the root ball and just as deep. Gently remove the tree from its container and loosen any circling roots. Place the tree in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the ground. Backfill the hole with soil and gently tamp it down. Water thoroughly after planting.
3. Care and Maintenance:
- Watering: Water the newly planted tree regularly, especially during dry spells. Once established, almond trees are relatively drought-tolerant, but consistent watering is crucial during the first few years.
- Fertilizing: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to promote healthy growth and fruit production. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for application rates.
- Pruning: Prune the almond tree annually during the dormant season to maintain its shape, remove dead or damaged branches, and improve air circulation. Proper pruning is crucial for maximizing green almond yield. Consult with a local arborist or agricultural extension agent for specific pruning recommendations for your almond variety.
- Pest and Disease Control: Monitor the tree regularly for signs of pests and diseases. Common almond tree pests include aphids, spider mites, and navel orangeworms. Common diseases include brown rot, shot hole, and almond leaf scorch. Take appropriate measures to control pests and diseases, such as using insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, or fungicides. Consider Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for long-term sustainable control.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of the tree to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the trunk to prevent rot.
4. Harvesting Green Almonds:
- Timing: Green almonds are typically harvested in spring, before the shell hardens. The exact timing depends on the variety and climate, but generally, they are ready to harvest when they are about the size of a small plum and the outer hull is still soft and fuzzy. You should be able to easily pierce the almond with a fingernail. This period is fleeting, lasting only a few weeks.
- Method: Gently twist or cut the green almonds from the tree.
- Storage: Green almonds are highly perishable and should be used or processed soon after harvesting. They can be stored in the refrigerator for a few days, but their quality will decline rapidly.
5. Climate Considerations:
- Chilling Hours: Ensure the almond variety you select is suitable for the chilling hours in your region. Inadequate chilling can result in poor fruit set.
- Frost Protection: Protect young trees from frost damage, especially during bloom. This can be achieved by wrapping the trunk with burlap or using frost blankets.
