What is Protein Made Of?
Proteins are made of amino acids. These are small organic molecules that link together in long chains to form the larger protein molecules. Think of it like a necklace where each bead represents an amino acid and the whole necklace is the protein.
Amino acids contain primarily hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms. The specific sequence and number of amino acids determine the unique structure and function of each protein. There are 20 different types of amino acids, each with distinct properties. The sequence of these amino acids is coded in our genes, segments of DNA.
Types of Amino Acids: A Quick Overview
While there are 20 different amino acids, they can be broadly classified based on their properties, such as polarity and side chain structure. This classification helps understand how they interact within a protein and contribute to its overall three-dimensional shape.
Protein Synthesis: From Gene to Protein
The process of creating proteins begins with genes within our DNA. These genes act as blueprints, dictating the precise order in which amino acids are assembled. This assembly happens through a complex process involving transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Protein Diversity and Function
The incredible diversity of proteins arises from the vast number of possible combinations and sequences of these 20 amino acids. This diversity allows proteins to perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including:
- Structural support: Collagen and keratin are examples of structural proteins providing support to tissues and organs.
- Enzyme catalysis: Enzymes are proteins that accelerate biochemical reactions.
- Transport: Hemoglobin transports oxygen throughout the body.
- Immune defense: Antibodies are proteins that fight infection.
- Hormonal signaling: Insulin, a protein hormone, regulates blood sugar levels.
The information provided here is consistent with multiple sources including:
- MedlinePlus Genetics: This source explains that proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acids.
- Nature Scitable: This source confirms that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- JAXA - Humans in Space: This source states that proteins are made up of amino acids linked together in chains.
