Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, crucial for countless bodily functions. Their roles extend far beyond protein synthesis.
Key Functions of Amino Acids:
- Protein Synthesis: Amino acids link together to form long chains called polypeptides, which fold into complex three-dimensional structures to create proteins. [Reference: LibreTexts] Proteins are essential for virtually every biological process.
- Body Protein Synthesis and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Amino acids are vital for building and repairing tissues, creating enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Examples include creatine and peptide hormones. [Reference: Cleveland Clinic]
- Metabolic Functions: They aid in breaking down food, facilitating growth and repair of body tissues, and performing many other functions. Amino acids can even serve as an energy source. [Reference: MedlinePlus]
- Neurotransmitter Synthesis: Certain amino acids are precursors to neurotransmitters, chemical messengers in the brain crucial for mood regulation, cognitive function, and more. A deficiency in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) can significantly impact brain function. [Reference: Brain]
- Kidney Function: Amino acid metabolism plays a role in kidney function. Research explores the connection between amino acid profiles and kidney health, including recovery after transplantation. [References: Kidney International, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology]
- Nutrient Absorption: Amino acids contribute to efficient nutrient absorption within the body. [Reference: Healthline]
- Muscle Growth and Repair: Specific amino acids are essential for building and maintaining muscle mass. [Reference: Healthline]
Types of Amino Acids:
While hundreds of amino acids exist, 20 are essential for human protein synthesis. Nine of these are considered essential because the body cannot produce them; they must be obtained through diet. [Reference: Cleveland Clinic]
Amino Acid Substitutions and Protein Function:
Changes in amino acid sequences (e.g., due to genetic mutations) can alter protein function significantly. This is a key area of study in genetics and protein engineering. [Reference: Annual Reviews of Genomics and Human Genetics]
