The oldest civilization in Pakistan is the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC).
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE along the Indus River and its tributaries. While settlements existed in the region prior to the IVC, such as Mehrgarh (dating back to around 7000 BCE), the Indus Valley Civilization represents a fully developed urban society with advanced planning, infrastructure, and trade networks. Mehrgarh is considered one of the earliest known settlements in the South Asia, but it predates the fully formed characteristics of a civilization. The IVC built upon earlier settlements and evolved into a sophisticated urban civilization.
Key features of the Indus Valley Civilization:
- Urban Planning: Well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro with grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, and standardized brick construction.
- Advanced Infrastructure: Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems.
- Trade Networks: Extensive trade links with other civilizations in Mesopotamia and Central Asia.
- Unique Artifacts: Distinctive pottery, seals, and jewelry.
In summary, while settlements like Mehrgarh represent early human habitation in the region, the Indus Valley Civilization is recognized as the oldest civilization in Pakistan due to its advanced urban development and societal complexity.
