Yes, Goku would almost certainly defeat Sasuke.
The consensus, based on power scaling within their respective universes, heavily favors Goku. Here's a breakdown:
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Power Levels: Goku, especially in later Dragon Ball series (Super and beyond), possesses power far exceeding planetary levels. He is capable of destroying planets and even universes with his attacks. Sasuke, while incredibly powerful within the Naruto universe, operates on a vastly smaller scale. He's not shown feats that rival even destroying a planet.
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Durability: Goku can withstand attacks that can destroy planets, even galaxies, depending on the storyline. Sasuke's durability, while impressive, isn't on the same level.
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Speed: Goku's speed is often described as faster than light, which gives him a significant advantage in combat. Sasuke is incredibly fast, but there is no solid evidence to put him on Goku's level.
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Abilities: While Sasuke has powerful abilities like the Rinnegan and Sharingan, including techniques like Amenotejikara (space-time ninjutsu) and genjutsu (illusions), Goku has techniques like Instant Transmission (teleportation), various Ki blasts, and transformations like Super Saiyan God and Ultra Instinct, giving him a significant edge in power and versitility.
In summary, Goku's overwhelming power, durability, and speed would likely allow him to defeat Sasuke.