Goku would almost certainly defeat Sasuke Uchiha.
Here's why:
Goku's power levels, particularly in Dragon Ball Super and beyond, vastly exceed Sasuke's capabilities. The reference provided is correct; Goku operates at a level where he can destroy planets (and even universes at his peak), while Sasuke, although exceptionally powerful within the Naruto universe, does not possess comparable destructive capacity.
Here's a breakdown:
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Power Scaling: Dragon Ball's power scaling is significantly higher than Naruto's. Goku's transformations (Super Saiyan God, Super Saiyan Blue, Ultra Instinct) give him exponentially more power, speed, and durability.
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Destructive Capacity: As stated, Goku can destroy planets, stars, and potentially universes, especially in later Dragon Ball series. Sasuke's strongest attacks are at best mountain or country level.
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Speed: Goku is capable of moving and reacting at speeds far beyond the speed of light. Sasuke, while fast, is not portrayed at such speeds.
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Energy Projection: Goku's Ki blasts, like the Kamehameha, are incredibly powerful and destructive. Sasuke's Chidori and other lightning-based attacks, while potent, don't reach the same level of impact.
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Techniques: While Sasuke possesses versatile abilities like the Sharingan, Rinnegan, and various ninjutsu, Goku's techniques like Instant Transmission, Ki manipulation, and transformations simply give him a substantial edge.
In short, Goku's power and abilities are on a completely different scale compared to Sasuke's. A fight between them would likely result in Goku overpowering Sasuke relatively easily.