How Do Architects Design Buildings?

Architects design buildings by following a structured, multi-phase process that transforms initial ideas into completed structures.

Designing a building is a complex undertaking that involves understanding client needs, site conditions, regulations, and technical requirements, translating them into a functional and aesthetically pleasing design. Based on the architectural design process often followed in the industry, this journey is typically broken down into distinct stages to ensure clear deliverables and deadlines.

The Architectural Design Process: Seven Key Phases

According to the reference provided, the architectural design process is typically composed of seven key phases. These phases guide the project from initial concept through to final construction.

Here are the seven phases:

1. Pre-design: This initial phase is about research and discovery.

   • Architects meet with the client to understand their vision, goals, budget, and functional needs.
   • They analyze the site, zoning regulations, and potential challenges or opportunities.
   • This phase helps define the project scope and feasibility.

2. Schematic Design: Here, the architect begins to translate ideas into initial design concepts.

   • They develop preliminary sketches, diagrams, and floor plans illustrating the layout, scale, and relationships between spaces.
   • Multiple concepts may be explored to find the best fit for the project requirements.
   • This phase focuses on the basic form and function of the building.

3. Design Development: This phase refines the approved schematic design.

   • Architects develop more detailed drawings, including elevations and sections.
   • They select major materials and systems (like structural, mechanical, and electrical).
   • Consultants (e.g., structural engineers) are often brought in to collaborate and develop their specific components of the design.

4. Construction Documents: This is the most detailed phase, producing the comprehensive drawings and specifications needed for construction and obtaining permits.

   • This includes detailed architectural drawings, structural plans, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) drawings, and interior details.
   • Specifications provide written descriptions of materials, quality standards, and workmanship requirements.
   • These documents serve as the instructions for the contractor building the project.

5. Building Permits: The architect assists the client in submitting the construction documents to the local building department.

   • The plans are reviewed for compliance with building codes, zoning laws, and other regulations.
   • Approval is required before construction can legally begin.

6. Bidding and Negotiation: If the project is not using a pre-selected contractor, this phase involves selecting a builder.

   • Contractors review the construction documents and submit bids (proposals outlining the cost and timeline).
   • The architect often assists the client in evaluating bids and negotiating the construction contract.

7. Construction Administration: The architect typically remains involved during the construction phase.

   • They visit the site to observe the progress and ensure the construction aligns with the design intent and construction documents.
   • They answer questions from the contractor and review shop drawings (detailed drawings prepared by subcontractors).
   • This phase continues until the building is complete and ready for occupancy.

These phases provide a structured framework that guides architects and clients through the complex journey of designing and constructing a building, ensuring that realistic deliverables and deadlines are met.