Designing architecture is a structured process that guides a project from initial idea through construction and occupancy. It involves a series of distinct phases, ensuring all aspects—from functional needs and aesthetic vision to technical details and construction realities—are addressed comprehensively.
The architectural design process typically follows a progression of seven key phases:
- Pre-Design: This foundational phase involves extensive research and information gathering. Architects work closely with the client to understand their needs, goals, budget, and timeline. Key activities include site analysis, zoning and code review, feasibility studies, and developing a detailed program that outlines all required spaces, functions, and relationships.
- Schematic Design: This is where the creative concepts begin to take shape. Based on the Pre-Design information, architects explore different design options through sketches, diagrams, and preliminary drawings. The focus is on developing the overall form, massing, layout, and spatial relationships of the building. Multiple concepts may be presented and refined based on client feedback.
- Design Development: In this phase, the approved schematic design is further refined and developed. The design becomes more detailed, incorporating information from engineers and other consultants (structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing). Materials, building systems, and key construction details are selected and coordinated. The scope, budget, and schedule are continually reviewed and updated.
- Contract Documents: This critical phase produces the comprehensive set of drawings and specifications required for construction and obtaining permits. Contract Documents include detailed architectural drawings (plans, elevations, sections, details) and written specifications that describe the quality of materials and workmanship. These documents serve as the legal contract between the client and the contractor.
- Bidding/Negotiation: With the Contract Documents complete, the project is ready to be priced by contractors. This phase involves selecting qualified contractors, issuing the bid documents, and evaluating the submitted bids. Alternatively, a single contractor may be negotiated with based on the documentation. The goal is to select a contractor and establish the final construction cost and schedule.
- Contract Administration (construction): During this phase, which aligns with the construction of the project, the architect acts as the client's representative. The architect conducts site visits to observe the progress and quality of construction, answers contractor questions (often through Requests for Information - RFIs), reviews shop drawings and material submissions, and processes payment applications. This ensures the building is constructed according to the Contract Documents.
- Post-Occupancy: Once construction is complete and the building is occupied, this phase involves evaluating the project's performance. It may include a final walkthrough, reviewing building systems, and gathering feedback from the occupants. This phase helps assess how well the design meets the initial goals and provides valuable lessons for future projects.
Here is a summary of the phases:
| Phase | Primary Focus | Key Deliverables |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Pre-Design | Research, Programming, Feasibility | Program Report, Site Analysis |
| 2. Schematic Design | Conceptual Design, Spatial Relationships | Sketches, Diagrams, Preliminary Plans |
| 3. Design Development | Refining Design, Systems Integration, Material Selection | Developed Drawings, System Coordination |
| 4. Contract Documents | Detailed Construction Information | Construction Drawings, Specifications |
| 5. Bidding/Negotiation | Contractor Selection, Cost Establishment | Bid Analysis, Negotiated Contract |
| 6. Contract Administration | Overseeing Construction, Quality Control | Site Visit Reports, RFI Responses, Payment Reviews |
| 7. Post-Occupancy | Performance Evaluation, Client Feedback | Post-Occupancy Evaluation Report |
This phased approach provides a clear roadmap for managing the complexity of architectural projects, ensuring that design intentions are translated effectively into built reality.
