A membrane structure in architecture is defined as a structure featuring a thin, flexible surface, known as a membrane, that supports loads primarily by withstanding tensile forces.
Understanding Membrane Structures
At its core, a membrane structure utilizes a lightweight, flexible material stretched over a framework or supported by air pressure. Unlike traditional building materials like concrete or steel that primarily handle compression or bending, the key characteristic of a membrane structure is its reliance on tensile stresses – the pulling forces that stretch the material tight.
This dependency on tension allows for incredibly lightweight and expansive designs compared to conventional construction methods. The thin, flexible nature of the membrane surface is central to its function, adapting to the forces applied while maintaining structural integrity.
Types of Membrane Structures
Based on how the tension is achieved and the structure is supported, there are two main types:
- Tent Structures: These use cables, masts, or other rigid supports to pull the membrane into tension. The membrane is stretched and held taut by the supporting framework.
- Pneumatic Structures: These are supported by internal air pressure, which inflates the membrane and holds it in shape, creating the necessary tension.
| Type | Support Method | Key Principle |
|---|---|---|
| Tent Structures | Supported by cables, masts, or rigid frameworks | Membrane pulled into tension |
| Pneumatic Structures | Supported by internal air pressure | Membrane inflated and tensed |
Examples in Architecture
A prominent example illustrating the use of membrane structures is the Denver International Airport. Its terminal building, completed in 1995, is famously roofed by a white membrane. This membrane is stretched from steel masts, showcasing a classic application of the tent structure principle to create a large, iconic architectural form. This design highlights the capacity of membrane structures to cover vast areas with relatively lightweight materials, offering both aesthetic appeal and functional benefits like natural light diffusion.
These structures offer unique possibilities for creating large, column-free spaces and dramatic shapes, making them popular for stadiums, exhibition halls, airports, and temporary shelters. Their light weight also contributes to efficiency in construction and potential environmental benefits.
