The concept of "frame of reference" in the context of rating refers to a shared understanding among raters about performance standards and criteria, enabling them to evaluate subjects (like learners) consistently and accurately. It's not a specific type of rating itself, but rather the foundation upon which reliable ratings are built.
Essentially, a frame of reference ensures that all assessors are 'seeing' performance through the same lens, using the same mental benchmarks for what constitutes different levels of skill, knowledge, or behavior.
Understanding the Frame of Reference
In assessments, especially subjective ones like Workplace-Based Assessments (WBA), different raters might have varying interpretations of what "excellent," "good," or "needs improvement" looks like. This inconsistency can lead to unreliable ratings.
The "frame of reference" acts as a standardized guide. It's established by clarifying:
- Specific behaviors or actions associated with each performance level.
- Examples or anchors that exemplify different levels.
- How assessment criteria should be interpreted and applied.
Frame of Reference Training (FORT)
Developing this shared understanding is typically achieved through specialized training. The provided reference highlights Frame of reference training (FORT), a rater training technique that helps assessors distinguish between learner performance levels.
FORT is designed to calibrate raters, ensuring they apply evaluation criteria consistently. By reviewing examples of performance at different levels and discussing their ratings with others and experts, raters align their internal standards (their 'frame of reference').
Why is a Shared Frame of Reference Important in Rating?
Utilizing a common frame of reference in rating processes offers significant benefits:
- Improved Accuracy: Raters are better able to identify and correctly categorize performance.
- Enhanced Reliability: Ratings are more consistent across different raters and different assessment occasions.
- Increased Fairness: All learners are evaluated against the same clear standards.
- Better Feedback: Specific and actionable feedback can be provided based on well-defined performance levels.
The reference notes that FORT "can improve the accuracy and reliability of WBA," although the effect size can vary, indicating that effective implementation of training is key.
Practical Application
Implementing a frame of reference in rating involves steps like:
- Clear Rubrics: Providing detailed rubrics that define performance levels with specific behavioral indicators.
- Anchor Examples: Showing raters examples (e.g., videos, written work) of performance at different levels.
- Calibration Sessions: Bringing raters together to discuss examples, compare their initial ratings, and resolve discrepancies.
By focusing on establishing and maintaining a consistent frame of reference, assessment processes can yield more meaningful and trustworthy results.
