A torque vectoring differential is an advanced automotive technology that actively distributes torque between the wheels on an axle, improving handling and traction.
In simpler terms, it's a sophisticated differential that can electronically vary the amount of power sent to each wheel. Unlike a traditional differential, which splits torque evenly (or proportionally based on available grip), a torque vectoring differential can send more torque to the wheel that needs it most, enhancing stability and cornering performance.
How Torque Vectoring Works
Torque vectoring systems achieve this variable torque distribution through several methods, often involving:
- Electronic control: A computer monitors factors like wheel speed, steering angle, throttle position, and yaw rate.
- Clutches or Brakes: Based on the sensor data, the system uses clutches or applies brakes to selectively increase or decrease torque to each wheel. Some systems employ electric motors to drive each wheel independently.
- Actuation: These clutches or brakes are actuated by hydraulic, electric, or electromagnetic systems.
Benefits of Torque Vectoring
- Improved Handling: By actively shifting torque, the vehicle can turn more sharply and maintain stability during cornering. This minimizes understeer and oversteer.
- Enhanced Traction: On slippery surfaces, torque vectoring can send more power to the wheels with better grip, improving acceleration and preventing wheel spin.
- Increased Stability: The system can counteract destabilizing forces, such as those encountered during sudden maneuvers or on uneven surfaces.
- Greater Driver Confidence: Torque vectoring makes the vehicle feel more responsive and predictable, boosting driver confidence.
Types of Torque Vectoring Systems
There are several ways to implement torque vectoring:
- Brake-Based Systems: These systems use the vehicle's brakes to slow down the inside wheel during cornering, effectively transferring torque to the outside wheel. This method is simpler and more cost-effective but can generate heat and reduce fuel efficiency.
- Clutch-Based Systems: These systems use electronically controlled clutches to actively distribute torque between the wheels. This provides more precise and efficient torque transfer.
- Electric Motor Systems: Some electric vehicles (EVs) use individual electric motors for each wheel, providing the ultimate control over torque distribution. This allows for highly responsive and customizable handling characteristics.
- Mechanical Systems: Some manufacturers employ complex mechanical systems with clutches and gears to achieve torque vectoring. These are often found in high-performance applications.
Applications
Torque vectoring is commonly found in:
- Performance Cars: Used to improve handling and track performance.
- All-Wheel Drive Vehicles (AWD): Enhances traction and stability in various driving conditions.
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): Leverages individual motor control for precise torque distribution.
- Rail Vehicles: Used on trains to improve traction and turning performance.
Example
Imagine a car turning left. A torque vectoring differential can send more power to the right (outside) wheel, helping to "push" the car through the turn and reduce understeer.
