A plane's response to engine failure over the ocean depends heavily on several factors, including the type of aircraft, the number of engines, and the location of the failure relative to land.
Single Engine Failure
For aircraft with two or more engines, a single engine failure is generally manageable. Overwater flights are planned with Extended-range Twin-engine Operations (ETOPS) requirements in mind. These regulations ensure a diversion airport remains within a calculable flight distance, even with one engine out (Reference 1, 6). The pilots will follow established procedures to maintain altitude and safely divert to the nearest suitable airport. The plane's performance capabilities, such as glide ratio and fuel reserves, are crucial factors in a successful diversion (Reference 7).
Dual or Multiple Engine Failures
A dual or multiple engine failure is considerably more serious. In such a scenario, the aircraft will enter a glide, its descent rate and distance heavily influenced by its altitude, weight, and airspeed (Reference 4). The pilots will attempt to find the nearest possible landing spot, prioritizing water (for ditching) over a potentially more dangerous land landing (Reference 2). While extremely rare (Reference 8), a complete engine failure leaves the aircraft relying solely on its glide capabilities to reach a safe landing (Reference 3). The outcome heavily depends on the plane's altitude and proximity to land or other suitable emergency landing areas (Reference 5).
Factors influencing the outcome
- Aircraft Type: Larger aircraft, such as wide-body jets, generally have a better glide ratio and longer glide distance than smaller aircraft.
- Altitude: Higher altitudes provide longer glide distances.
- Weight: Lighter aircraft tend to glide further than heavier ones.
- Weather Conditions: Wind, turbulence, and visibility significantly affect the pilot's ability to control the aircraft and locate a safe landing site.
- Proximity to Land: A shorter distance to land greatly improves survival chances.
While extremely unlikely (Reference 8), if both engines fail over the ocean, the pilots' skill in executing an emergency landing (or ditching) becomes paramount. This includes directing the aircraft for the best possible gliding conditions and preparing the cabin for potential water landing (Reference 2, 9).
