Rechargeable batteries stop working primarily because their internal components degrade over time and with repeated charge and discharge cycles, ultimately hindering their ability to store and release energy effectively.
Understanding Battery Degradation
The lifespan of a rechargeable battery is limited by the chemical changes that occur inside during use. These changes impede the battery's ability to function.
Lithium-ion Battery Degradation
Lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles, are subject to specific degradation processes. A key factor is the formation of a film on the electrodes.
- Film Buildup: According to research, with each charge and discharge cycle in Lithium-ion batteries, a film builds up on both electrodes. This buildup blocks the movement of ions, which are crucial for the battery's operation.
- Decreased Reactivity: As the electrodes become increasingly covered in these materials, their capacity to participate in the chemical reactions necessary for the battery to function properly diminishes. This leads to a gradual decline in battery performance.
Other Factors Affecting Battery Life
Besides film buildup, other factors contribute to the eventual failure of rechargeable batteries:
- Overcharging and Over-Discharging: Extreme charging or discharging can accelerate degradation.
- High Temperatures: Exposure to high temperatures can damage battery components and reduce lifespan.
- Internal Resistance Increase: The battery's internal resistance increases over time, reducing its ability to deliver power efficiently.
- Electrolyte Decomposition: The electrolyte, which facilitates ion transport, can decompose over time, reducing battery performance.
Summary of Rechargeable Battery Failure Mechanisms
| Mechanism | Description | Impact on Battery Performance |
|---|---|---|
| Film Buildup on Electrodes | Accumulation of materials blocking ion movement during charge/discharge cycles | Reduces ion flow, decreasing capacity and power output. |
| Overcharging/Discharging | Exceeding voltage limits | Accelerated degradation and potential safety risks. |
| High Temperatures | Exposure to elevated temperatures | Component damage, reduced lifespan, and decreased performance. |
| Internal Resistance Increase | Increase in resistance to current flow within the battery | Reduces efficiency and power output. |
| Electrolyte Decomposition | Breakdown of the electrolyte material | Impaired ion transport and decreased battery performance overall. |
