Biodegradable plastics are designed to break down naturally with the help of tiny living organisms.
Unlike traditional plastics that can persist in the environment for hundreds or thousands of years, biodegradable plastics are engineered to decompose. This decomposition is a natural process driven by the environment and the organisms within it.
The Role of Microorganisms
The primary agents responsible for breaking down biodegradable plastics are microorganisms. These include various types of bacteria, fungi, and other tiny life forms found in soil, water, and compost environments. They effectively consume the plastic material, using it as a food source.
The Breakdown Process and Products
Under the right conditions, microorganisms are able to break down the complex polymer structures of biodegradable plastics. This biological process transforms the plastic into simpler, natural substances.
The reference states that biodegradable plastic can be broken down completely into water, carbon dioxide and compost by microorganisms under the right conditions. The end products of this microbial activity are:
- Water (H₂O)
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
- Compost (organic matter that can enrich soil)
This means the material is fully integrated back into the natural cycle without leaving behind harmful residues, provided the correct environment exists.
Conditions and Timeframe
For biodegradation to occur effectively, specific environmental conditions are usually required. These "right conditions" can include factors such as:
- Appropriate temperature
- Sufficient moisture
- Presence of the necessary microorganisms
- Availability of oxygen (though some types can biodegrade anaerobically)
The term "biodegradable" itself implies a relatively rapid breakdown. The reference notes that decomposition happens in weeks to months, which is significantly faster than conventional plastics. However, the exact timeline depends on the specific type of biodegradable plastic and the environmental conditions it encounters.
