Following a needlestick injury, several blood tests are crucial to assess the risk of infection. These tests screen for bloodborne pathogens that could have been transmitted during the incident.
Here's a breakdown of the common blood tests performed:
Initial Testing
The primary goal of initial testing is to establish a baseline and determine if the exposed individual has contracted any infections from the needlestick. These tests focus on identifying immediate risks:
- HIV Testing: This tests for the presence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Initial testing is vital for early detection, allowing for prompt intervention. According to the reference, HIV testing is a standard test performed.
- Hepatitis B Antigen: This test identifies if the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is currently present in the blood. It indicates active infection, not past exposure. The reference includes Hepatitis B antigen as one of the tests.
- Hepatitis C Antibody: This test checks for antibodies against the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The reference specifies the Hepatitis C antibody test. If present, it signifies a past or current infection with HCV.
Liver Function Assessment
In addition to testing for specific viruses, liver function may also be assessed. While not directly related to confirming infection, these tests help monitor potential liver damage.
- Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and alkaline phosphatase levels: These tests evaluate the liver's health by measuring liver enzyme levels in the blood. According to the reference, Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and alkaline phosphatase levels are also important. Elevated levels can indicate liver damage or inflammation.
Timeline of Testing
It is also important to note the timeline of when blood tests are administered after a needlestick injury:
- Baseline Testing: Immediately after the incident. This is done for all the above-listed tests.
- Follow-up Testing: Repeated testing will occur at specific intervals, like 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-exposure. This helps detect seroconversion, when an infection becomes detectable in the blood, which is not always immediate.
Summary Table of Tests
| Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| HIV Testing | Checks for HIV infection |
| Hepatitis B Antigen | Checks for active HBV infection |
| Hepatitis C Antibody | Checks for past or current HCV infection |
| AST/ALT and Alkaline phosphatase | Evaluates liver function and potential damage |
