An anterolateral infarct, also known as an anterolateral myocardial infarction, is a type of heart attack where the anterior and lateral walls of the heart muscle are damaged due to a lack of blood supply.
Understanding the Location
- Anterior Wall: This is the front of the heart, primarily supplied by the left anterior descending (LAD) artery.
- Lateral Wall: This is the side of the heart, typically supplied by the circumflex artery (LCx) or diagonal branches of the LAD.
Causes
An anterolateral infarct usually occurs due to a blockage or severe narrowing in one or more of the following coronary arteries:
- Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery: This is the most common culprit. A blockage in the LAD can affect both the anterior and lateral walls, especially if the blockage is proximal (closer to the origin of the LAD).
- Circumflex Artery (LCx): A blockage in the LCx can also contribute, particularly if it provides significant blood flow to the lateral wall.
Key Characteristics
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) Changes: Specific patterns on an ECG, such as ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V6, I, and aVL, can indicate an anterolateral infarction. The exact ECG changes depend on the specific location and extent of the damage.
- Enzyme Markers: Elevated levels of cardiac enzymes like troponin in the blood confirm myocardial damage.
Example
Imagine a patient experiencing chest pain. An ECG reveals ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V6, I, and aVL. Blood tests show elevated troponin levels. These findings suggest an anterolateral myocardial infarction, likely due to a blockage in the LAD or, less commonly, the LCx.
Implications
Anterolateral infarcts can lead to significant complications, including:
- Heart failure
- Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
- Cardiogenic shock
- Death
Prompt diagnosis and treatment, such as angioplasty and stenting to reopen the blocked artery, are crucial for improving outcomes.
