Yes, there are varieties of lemons and lemon-like fruits that can grow to be quite large.
Certain types of citrus, particularly Cedro citrons, significantly exceed the size of typical lemons. These citrons can reach lengths of 10 to 15 inches and weigh up to four pounds each. They are often three to four times the size of a regular lemon.
Therefore, while the standard lemon we typically encounter is a manageable size, the existence of citrons like the Cedro proves that impressively large "lemons" do exist.