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What is a G-code?

Published in CNC Programming 2 mins read

G-code is a programming language used to instruct machines, particularly in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining and 3D printing, on how to perform movements and operations.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

  • Purpose: G-code serves as a set of instructions that tells a machine where to move, how fast to move, and what path to follow. It controls various machine functions, such as spindle speed, coolant flow, and tool changes.

  • Applications:

    • CNC Machining: It directs the movements of cutting tools to shape materials like metal, plastic, and wood. For example, G-code can instruct a milling machine to cut a specific shape out of a block of aluminum.
    • 3D Printing: It controls the movement of the print head to deposit material layer by layer, building a three-dimensional object. The code specifies where to place the material and how much to extrude.

  • Structure: G-code consists of lines of code, each representing a specific instruction. These instructions typically include:

    • G-codes: Prepare commands (e.g., G00 for rapid traverse, G01 for linear interpolation).
    • M-codes: Miscellaneous commands (e.g., M03 for spindle start clockwise, M05 for spindle stop).
    • Coordinate data: Specifies the X, Y, and Z coordinates for the machine to move to.
    • Feed rate: Determines the speed at which the machine moves.
    • Tool selection: Specifies which tool to use for a particular operation.

  • Creation: G-code is typically generated by Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software. A designer creates a model in CAD software, then the CAM software translates that model into G-code that can be understood by the CNC machine or 3D printer.

  • Example:

    G00 X10 Y20 Z5   ; Rapid traverse to X10, Y20, Z5
G01 Z-2 F100    ; Linear interpolation to Z-2 at feed rate 100
G02 X15 Y25 I5 J0 R5 F50 ; Circular interpolation
M05             ; Spindle stop

In summary, G-code is a fundamental language for automating manufacturing processes, enabling precise control over machine tools and 3D printers.

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