Onycholysis is the separation of a fingernail or toenail from its nail bed, the pink skin underneath the nail. This separation is usually gradual and painless.
Understanding Onycholysis
Onycholysis happens when the nail plate (the hard, visible part of the nail) detaches from the nail bed. This creates a space underneath the nail that can appear white or yellowish.
Causes of Onycholysis
Several factors can contribute to onycholysis:
- Trauma: This is the most common cause. Injury to the nail, such as stubbing a toe or repetitive tapping, can cause the nail to separate.
- Infections: Fungal infections, like onychomycosis (nail fungus), or bacterial infections can lead to onycholysis.
- Skin Conditions: Certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and lichen planus can affect the nails and cause separation.
- Systemic Diseases: Sometimes, underlying health issues like thyroid disorders, anemia, or lung disease are associated with onycholysis.
- Medications: Some medications, including certain antibiotics and psoriasis treatments, can cause nail separation.
- Irritants: Exposure to harsh chemicals, such as those found in nail polish remover or cleaning products, can irritate the nail bed and cause onycholysis.
- Nail Products: Artificial nails or excessive use of nail hardeners can also lead to this condition.
Symptoms of Onycholysis
The primary symptom is the painless separation of the nail from the nail bed. Other symptoms might include:
- A white, yellow, or greenish discoloration under the nail.
- Thickening of the nail.
- Brittleness of the nail.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A doctor can usually diagnose onycholysis by examining the affected nail. In some cases, they might take a nail clipping to test for fungal or bacterial infections.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Common treatments include:
- Treating underlying infections: Antifungal or antibacterial medications may be prescribed.
- Avoiding irritants: Limiting exposure to harsh chemicals and irritants can help.
- Trimming the detached portion of the nail: This can prevent further separation and reduce the risk of infection.
- Addressing underlying medical conditions: Treating any systemic diseases that are contributing to the onycholysis.
- Keeping nails short and dry: Good nail hygiene is essential for healing.
- Protecting the nail: Avoid trauma to the nail by wearing appropriate footwear and gloves.
When to See a Doctor
Consult a doctor if:
- You notice significant nail separation.
- The onycholysis is painful or accompanied by other symptoms, such as redness, swelling, or pus.
- You suspect an underlying medical condition is causing the nail separation.
- Home treatment isn't effective.
