Diabetic neuropathy, often referred to as "neuro diabetes," is nerve damage caused by high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Understanding Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Over time, persistently high blood glucose can damage nerves throughout the body. While it can affect any nerve, the nerves in the feet and legs are most frequently affected.
How High Blood Sugar Causes Nerve Damage
The exact mechanisms are complex and still being researched, but several factors contribute:
- High blood sugar damages blood vessels: Small blood vessels (capillaries) supply nerves with oxygen and nutrients. High glucose levels can damage these vessels, reducing blood flow to the nerves.
- Advanced glycation end products (AGEs): When glucose binds to proteins or fats, it forms AGEs. These substances can accumulate and damage nerve cells.
- Polyol pathway: Increased glucose inside nerve cells can activate the polyol pathway, leading to a buildup of sorbitol and fructose. This can disrupt nerve function.
Symptoms of Diabetic Neuropathy
Symptoms vary depending on which nerves are affected, and some people may not experience any symptoms at all. Common symptoms include:
- Numbness or reduced ability to feel pain or temperature changes (especially in the feet and hands)
- Tingling or burning sensation
- Sharp pains or cramps
- Increased sensitivity to touch (even a light touch can be painful)
- Muscle weakness
- Loss of balance and coordination
- Foot problems, such as ulcers, infections, and bone and joint pain
Types of Diabetic Neuropathy
There are several types of diabetic neuropathy, each affecting different parts of the body:
- Peripheral neuropathy: Affects the nerves in the feet, legs, hands, and arms. This is the most common type.
- Autonomic neuropathy: Affects nerves that control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, bladder, and sexual function.
- Proximal neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy): Causes pain and weakness in the thighs, hips, or buttocks.
- Focal neuropathy: Affects a single nerve, usually in the hand, head, torso, or leg. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of focal neuropathy.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, a review of your medical history, and nerve function tests.
Treatment focuses on:
- Blood sugar control: Keeping blood glucose levels within the target range is crucial to prevent further nerve damage.
- Pain relief: Medications such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, and topical creams can help relieve pain.
- Foot care: Regular foot exams and proper foot care are essential to prevent ulcers and infections.
In Summary
Diabetic neuropathy, or "neuro diabetes," is a significant complication of diabetes resulting from nerve damage caused by prolonged high blood sugar. Early diagnosis and management of blood glucose levels are essential to prevent or slow its progression.
