Bulma would likely "win" a conflict against Vegeta, not due to physical power, but due to their relationship and Vegeta's strong feelings for her.
While Vegeta far surpasses Bulma in terms of raw power and fighting ability, the context of their relationship significantly changes the dynamic. He deeply cares for her and their family.
Here's a breakdown:
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Vegeta's Power: Vegeta is a Saiyan Prince, capable of destroying planets. He possesses incredible strength, speed, and energy projection. In a purely physical fight, Bulma stands no chance.
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Bulma's Strengths: Bulma is a brilliant scientist and inventor. While not a fighter, she's resourceful and intelligent. However, these qualities aren't directly applicable in a direct confrontation with someone of Vegeta's power.
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The Decisive Factor: Vegeta's Feelings: The most important factor is Vegeta's love and respect for Bulma. The reference highlights this by mentioning Vegeta's rage when Beerus hit Bulma. He reacted with a surge of power exceeding Goku's performance at the time. This shows that Bulma's safety and well-being are significant motivators for Vegeta, and he would be extremely unlikely to harm her.
In conclusion, while Vegeta could easily defeat Bulma in a physical fight, his feelings for her would prevent him from doing so. This makes Bulma the likely "winner" in any conflict between them.