A drain isn't draining typically because of an obstruction in the drainpipe or an issue with the plumbing vent system.
Here's a breakdown of the potential causes:
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Obstructions in the Drain:
- Hair: Hair is a common culprit, especially in bathroom drains. It easily clumps together and traps other debris.
- Sludge Buildup: Over time, grease, soap scum, food particles, and other substances can accumulate on the inside of the pipes, creating a thick sludge that restricts water flow.
- Foreign Objects: Small objects like toys, jewelry, or cotton swabs can accidentally fall into drains and cause blockages.
- Tree Roots: If you have older pipes, tree roots can sometimes infiltrate the drain lines, particularly the main sewer line, causing significant blockages.
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Plumbing Vent Issues:
- Blocked Vent: Plumbing vents allow air to enter the drain system, which helps water flow smoothly. If the vent is blocked (e.g., by leaves, bird nests, or snow), it can create a vacuum that slows down or stops the draining process. This is because the water needs air to displace as it flows down the pipe.
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Other Possible Issues:
- Improper Slope: If the drainpipe doesn't have a proper downward slope, gravity won't be able to effectively move the water through the pipes, leading to slow draining or backups. This is less common in established plumbing but can occur after renovations or repairs.
Troubleshooting and Solutions:
- Check for Visible Obstructions: Look for any visible debris around the drain opening and remove it.
- Plunge the Drain: A plunger can often dislodge minor blockages.
- Use a Drain Snake: A drain snake (also known as an auger) can be used to reach further into the drainpipe and break up or remove stubborn obstructions.
- Check the Plumbing Vent: If you suspect a vent issue, you can try to clear it yourself if you're comfortable and have the necessary safety equipment (ladder, harness, etc.). However, it's often safer to call a professional plumber for this task.
- Call a Plumber: If you've tried these solutions and the drain is still not draining, it's time to call a qualified plumber. They have the tools and expertise to diagnose and fix more complex plumbing problems, such as tree root infiltration or issues with the main sewer line.
