Ear discharge, also known as otorrhea, happens when fluid drains from the ear. This fluid can be made of earwax, pus, or blood, and it often indicates an underlying ear problem or injury.
Common Causes of Ear Discharge
Several factors can contribute to ear discharge:
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Ear Infections: Both middle ear infections (otitis media) and outer ear infections (otitis externa or swimmer's ear) can cause fluid buildup and subsequent discharge. These infections are often caused by bacteria or viruses.
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Eardrum Perforation: A hole or tear in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) can lead to drainage. Perforations can result from infections, trauma (like a loud noise or a blow to the head), or pressure changes (such as during air travel or scuba diving).
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Foreign Body: Inserting objects like cotton swabs, small toys, or insects into the ear canal can irritate the lining and cause discharge.
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Earwax Buildup: While earwax is naturally produced to protect the ear, excessive buildup can sometimes mix with moisture and present as discharge.
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Cholesteatoma: This abnormal skin growth in the middle ear can cause chronic ear infections and discharge.
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More Serious Infections or Injuries: In rare cases, ear discharge can indicate a more severe infection or injury affecting the inner ear or surrounding structures.
Types of Ear Discharge
The appearance of ear discharge can provide clues about its cause:
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Clear fluid: May indicate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage due to a head injury (serious) or a recent ear tube placement.
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Pus (thick, yellow, or green): Typically suggests a bacterial infection.
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Bloody discharge: Could be due to trauma, a ruptured eardrum, or an infection.
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Watery, slightly bloody discharge: Often seen with outer ear infections (swimmer’s ear).
What to Do If You Have Ear Discharge
It's crucial to consult a doctor if you experience ear discharge, especially if accompanied by pain, hearing loss, fever, or dizziness. A doctor can diagnose the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment, which may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, ear drops, or, in some cases, surgery. Do not attempt to clean the ear canal deeply, as this may worsen the condition.
