The first-line treatment for epilepsy is typically anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs).
AEDs are the most common and often the most effective way to manage epilepsy. They work by altering the chemical balance in the brain, which helps to reduce or prevent seizures. Approximately 7 out of 10 people with epilepsy find that AEDs successfully control their seizures.
Here's a more detailed look:
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How AEDs Work: These medications work by affecting neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers in the brain. They can:
- Increase the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters, which calm down brain activity.
- Decrease the levels of excitatory neurotransmitters, which stimulate brain activity.
- Stabilize the electrical activity of nerve cells, making them less likely to fire abnormally.
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Types of AEDs: There are many different types of AEDs available, and the choice of medication depends on several factors, including:
- The type of seizure a person experiences.
- The person's age and overall health.
- Potential side effects of the medication.
- Interactions with other medications the person is taking.
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Importance of Adherence: It is crucial for individuals with epilepsy to take their AEDs as prescribed and consistently. Missing doses or stopping medication abruptly can lead to breakthrough seizures or even status epilepticus, a prolonged seizure that can be life-threatening.
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Other Treatments: While AEDs are generally the first treatment option, other treatments are considered if medications are ineffective or poorly tolerated. These include:
- Surgery: To remove the area of the brain causing the seizures.
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): Involves implanting a device that stimulates the vagus nerve, which can help reduce seizure frequency.
- Ketogenic Diet: A high-fat, very low-carbohydrate diet that can help control seizures, especially in children.
- Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS): A device implanted in the brain that detects abnormal electrical activity and delivers small bursts of electrical stimulation to prevent seizures.
In conclusion, while other treatments exist, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are generally the first line of defense against epilepsy.
