Virtue ethics differs from other ethical theories, such as deontology and consequentialism, primarily by focusing on character rather than rules or consequences. In essence, virtue ethics asks, "What kind of person should I be?" rather than "What should I do in this situation?"
Core Differences Explained
Traditional ethical theories, like deontology and consequentialism, are action-based:
- Deontology: Focuses on rules and duties. An action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty, regardless of the outcome. Think of Kant's categorical imperative.
- Consequentialism: Focuses on the consequences of actions. An action is right if it produces the best overall outcome or maximizes happiness (utilitarianism).
Virtue ethics, conversely, emphasizes character and moral habits:
- Virtue Ethics: Focuses on cultivating virtuous character traits. An action is right if it is what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances. Virtues are character traits like honesty, courage, compassion, and fairness.
Key Distinctions Summarized
| Feature | Deontology | Consequentialism | Virtue Ethics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Focus | Rules and duties | Consequences of actions | Character and virtues |
| Guiding Question | What are my duties? | What produces the best outcome? | What kind of person should I be? |
| Moral Action | Adheres to moral rules/duties | Maximizes good consequences | What a virtuous person would do |
| Example | Telling the truth, even if it hurts | Lying to prevent harm | Acting with honesty, compassion, and courage |
The "Right Action" Question
Deontology and consequentialism provide frameworks for determining the right action in specific situations. Virtue ethics, however, contends that by developing virtuous character, a person will naturally act in the right way across various situations. Instead of supplying a specific formula, it cultivates an inner disposition toward moral excellence.
Example Scenario
Imagine you find a lost wallet containing a significant amount of cash:
- Deontological Approach: A deontologist might argue that you must return the wallet because honesty is a moral duty.
- Consequentialist Approach: A consequentialist might weigh the consequences of returning the wallet (the owner's happiness) versus keeping the money (your own happiness or the ability to help others) and act accordingly to maximize overall happiness.
- Virtue Ethics Approach: A virtue ethicist would ask what a virtuous person would do. A virtuous person, possessing traits like honesty and compassion, would likely return the wallet, not simply because it's a rule or because it produces the best outcome, but because it's the right thing to do as a person of good character.
In short, virtue ethics shifts the focus from analyzing specific actions to developing a morally sound character that will guide behavior in diverse situations.
