Fatty acids exhibit diverse biological activities, including acting as antimicrobial agents.
Here's a breakdown of some key biological activities of fatty acids:
- Antimicrobial Properties: Fatty acids, acting as anionic surfactants, display antibacterial and antifungal properties, particularly at low pH [15]. They are selective against Gram-positive organisms [16]. This is achieved by targeting the structure and function of bacterial cell walls and membranes.
- Cell Signaling: Fatty acids and their metabolites act as signaling molecules involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression.
- Energy Storage: As components of triglycerides, fatty acids are a primary source of energy storage in the body.
- Membrane Structure: Fatty acids are integral components of cell membranes, influencing membrane fluidity and permeability.
| Activity | Description | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial | Antibacterial and antifungal effects. | Disrupts cell wall and membrane structure. | [15, 16] |
| Cell Signaling | Influence inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression. | Binding to receptors, modifying enzyme activity, and altering gene transcription. | |
| Energy Storage | Primary source of energy storage. | Stored as triglycerides. | |
| Membrane Structure | Influence membrane fluidity and permeability. | Incorporation into phospholipids within the lipid bilayer. |
In summary, fatty acids are not merely structural components but also actively participate in various biological processes, playing critical roles in cellular function and overall health.
