A rifle works by using expanding gas from burning gunpowder to propel a bullet down a rifled barrel, imparting spin for accuracy and stability. Here's a breakdown of the process:
1. Cartridge Insertion and Chambering
- A cartridge, containing the bullet, gunpowder, and primer, is loaded into the rifle's action. This can be done manually or automatically, depending on the rifle type.
- The action then chambers the cartridge, seating it firmly in the barrel's chamber.
2. Firing Pin Activation
- When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin (a small, hardened rod) is released.
- The firing pin strikes the primer located at the base of the cartridge.
3. Primer Ignition
- The primer is a small cup containing a sensitive explosive compound.
- The impact of the firing pin causes the primer to detonate, producing a spark or flame.
4. Gunpowder Ignition and Gas Expansion
- The spark from the primer ignites the gunpowder within the cartridge.
- The gunpowder burns rapidly, producing a large volume of hot, high-pressure gas.
5. Bullet Propulsion
- The expanding gas exerts immense pressure in all directions within the cartridge.
- The weakest point is the bullet, which is forced out of the cartridge casing.
- The bullet travels down the barrel.
6. Rifling and Bullet Spin
- The inside of a rifle barrel features rifling: a series of spiral grooves.
- As the bullet travels down the barrel, these grooves engage with the bullet's surface (or a soft metal jacket surrounding the bullet).
- This forces the bullet to spin rapidly along its longitudinal axis.
7. Bullet Stabilization and Accuracy
- The spinning bullet experiences gyroscopic stabilization.
- This stabilizes the bullet's flight path, preventing it from tumbling or wobbling.
- The result is improved accuracy and longer range.
Summary Table
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| Cartridge Load | Cartridge placed in chamber. |
| Firing Pin | Strikes the primer. |
| Primer | Ignites the gunpowder. |
| Gunpowder | Burns rapidly, producing gas. |
| Bullet | Propelled down the barrel by expanding gas. |
| Rifling | Imparts spin to the bullet for stabilization. |
| Accurate Flight | Spin stabilizes bullet, increasing range and accuracy. |
