Turbulent flow, characterized by eddies and swirls within a fluid, arises primarily from two key factors.
Main Causes of Turbulent Flow
According to the reference provided (12-Sept-2022), the two main causes are:
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Obstructions or Sharp Corners: Any obstruction or sharp corner present in the fluid's path, such as those found in a faucet, can induce turbulence. These features create velocities that are perpendicular to the primary flow direction, disrupting the laminar flow and initiating turbulence.
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High Speeds: When fluid velocity increases beyond a certain point, the flow transitions from laminar to turbulent. The higher kinetic energy overwhelms the viscous forces that typically maintain a smooth, layered flow.
| Cause | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Obstructions/Sharp Corners | Disrupt smooth flow by introducing velocities perpendicular to the main flow direction. Eddies and swirls form due to this disruption. | A rock in a stream; a partially closed valve in a pipe; sharp bend in a duct. |
| High Speeds | As fluid velocity increases, the inertia of the fluid overcomes the viscous forces, leading to instability and the formation of chaotic, swirling motions. | Fast-flowing river; air flowing rapidly over an aircraft wing; water rushing through a narrow pipe. |
In summary, turbulence arises either from physical disruptions in the flow path or from the fluid's inherent instability at high speeds.
