Insulin is produced through genetic engineering using recombinant DNA technology, where human insulin genes are inserted into microorganisms to produce the protein.
The Process of Genetically Engineering Insulin
The production of insulin through genetic engineering involves a precise process, leveraging the capabilities of microorganisms. Here’s a breakdown:
1. Gene Synthesis
- The process starts with scientists building the human insulin gene in the laboratory based on the known genetic sequence.
2. Recombinant DNA Creation
- Recombinant DNA technology is used to insert the human insulin gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium.
- This involves using restriction enzymes to cut the bacterial DNA (typically a plasmid) and the insulin gene.
- DNA ligase is then used to "glue" the insulin gene into the bacterial plasmid, creating recombinant DNA.
3. Transformation
- The recombinant plasmid is introduced into the bacterium through a process called transformation. This makes the bacteria able to produce the human insulin.
4. Fermentation and Production
- The transformed bacteria are grown in large fermentation tanks. These “recombinant” micro-organisms produce the protein encoded by the human gene – in this case, insulin.
5. Purification
- After fermentation, the insulin is extracted and purified through several steps to ensure its high quality and safety for human use.
6. Formulation
- Finally, the purified insulin is formulated into pharmaceutical products such as vials and pens for use by individuals with diabetes.
In summary, genetic engineering allows for the mass production of human insulin by harnessing the protein-producing machinery of microorganisms. This has revolutionized the treatment of diabetes, providing a reliable and scalable source of insulin.
