Your DNA codes for the instructions needed to build and maintain your body, primarily through the production of proteins. These instructions are encoded using a sequence of nucleotide bases.
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is essentially the language of DNA. This language uses four "letters" or nucleotide bases:
- Adenine (A)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
- Thymine (T)
These bases are arranged in specific sequences. According to the National Human Genome Research Institute, each gene's code is created using these four nucleotide bases in various combinations to spell out three-letter "codons." These codons specify which amino acid is needed at each position within a protein.
How it Works: A Simplified Explanation
- Codons: The bases are read in groups of three, called codons. For example, "AUG" or "GGC."
- Amino Acids: Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, the building blocks of proteins. For instance, the codon "AUG" codes for the amino acid methionine.
- Protein Synthesis: The sequence of codons in a gene dictates the sequence of amino acids that will be assembled to form a specific protein.
- Proteins: Proteins perform a vast array of functions in the body, including:
- Enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions
- Structural components like collagen and keratin
- Hormones regulating various processes
- Antibodies for immune defense
Example
Imagine a simplified gene sequence: ATG-GGC-TTA-CAT.
This sequence would be read as four codons:
- ATG
- GGC
- TTA
- CAT
Each of these codons would then be translated into a specific amino acid, and these amino acids would be linked together to form a short protein (peptide).
In short, the genetic code in your DNA provides the detailed instructions for creating the proteins that are essential for life.
