DNA fingerprinting, or DNA profiling, isn't "given" by a person or entity; rather, it is a process performed by trained professionals, often in a laboratory setting, using biological samples. The technique itself was developed by Alec Jeffreys.
Here's a breakdown:
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Development: Sir Alec Jeffreys, a British geneticist, developed the DNA fingerprinting technique in 1984. He discovered that certain repetitive DNA sequences (minisatellites) are highly variable between individuals.
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Performance: While Jeffreys invented the technique, DNA fingerprinting is performed by trained scientists and technicians in laboratories. These labs may be part of:
- Forensic science units: Analyzing DNA samples collected from crime scenes to identify suspects or victims.
- Paternity testing services: Determining the biological father of a child.
- Research institutions: Studying genetic variation and disease.
- Clinical diagnostic labs: Identifying genetic predispositions to certain conditions.
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The Process Involves:
- Sample Collection: Obtaining DNA from sources like blood, saliva, hair, or tissue.
- DNA Extraction: Isolating the DNA from the sample.
- DNA Amplification: Making multiple copies of specific DNA regions using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
- DNA Fragmentation: Cutting the amplified DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes (in some older methods).
- Separation and Visualization: Separating DNA fragments by size (e.g., using gel electrophoresis) and visualizing the resulting patterns.
- Analysis: Comparing the DNA profiles of different samples to determine matches or relationships.
In summary, Alec Jeffreys developed the method of DNA fingerprinting, but the actual process of performing DNA fingerprinting is carried out by trained laboratory personnel.
