The primary difference between free gingiva and attached gingiva lies in their attachment to the tooth and underlying structures; free gingiva is unattached and surrounds the tooth, while attached gingiva is firmly bound to the tooth and alveolar bone.
Detailed Comparison of Free Gingiva and Attached Gingiva
To better understand the distinction, consider the following breakdown:
| Feature | Free Gingiva (Marginal Gingiva) | Attached Gingiva |
|---|---|---|
| Attachment | Not attached to the tooth or bone; closely adapted but unattached. | Firmly attached to the underlying alveolar bone and cementum by collagen fibers. |
| Location | Surrounds the tooth in a collar-like fashion; forms the gingival sulcus. | Extends from the free gingiva to the mucogingival junction. |
| Appearance | Smooth, rounded edge; forms the gingival margin. | Stippled texture (orange peel appearance) due to the strong connective tissue attachments to the bone. |
| Function | Protects the underlying tissues; provides a seal around the tooth. | Provides support and stability to the free gingiva; withstands the forces of mastication and tooth brushing. |
| Width | Approximately 0.5-2.0 mm wide. | Variable width, generally widest in the anterior region and narrowest in the posterior region. |
| Boundaries | Extends from the gingival margin to the free gingival groove (if present). | Extends from the free gingival groove/free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. |
| Clinical Significance | Susceptible to inflammation and recession; loss of attachment can lead to periodontal disease. | Provides a barrier against bacterial invasion; adequate width is important for maintaining periodontal health. |
In essence, the free gingiva acts as a cuff around the tooth, while the attached gingiva is tightly bound down and provides the foundation for the free gingiva. The attached gingiva's attachment to the cementum and alveolar bone via collagen fibers provides stability and resistance to movement during chewing and other oral functions. Its stippled appearance is a clinical sign of healthy attached gingiva.
