Dashes are used in grammar to separate groups of words, indicate a pause, or denote a range. Dashes are not used to connect parts of words; that's the job of a hyphen.
Understanding Dashes
Dashes are horizontal lines that float in the middle of a line of text, unlike underscores which are at the bottom. There are two main types of dashes:
- En Dash (–): Typically used to indicate a range of values.
- Em Dash (—): Primarily used to set off phrases or clauses within a sentence, or to indicate a pause or break in thought.
Common Uses of Dashes
Here's a breakdown of how to use dashes effectively:
1. To Indicate a Pause or Break
An em dash can introduce a sudden break or interruption in a sentence.
- Example: "I was about to leave — wait, did I lock the door?"
2. To Set Off Nonessential Information
Similar to parentheses, dashes can set off extra information. This information adds detail but isn't essential to the sentence's core meaning.
- Example: "My neighbor — a kind, elderly woman — always brings me cookies."
3. To Show a Range
An en dash is generally used to display a range of numbers, dates, or times.
- Example: "The conference will be held from June 5 – 9."
4. To Emphasize a Point
A dash can draw attention to a particular word or phrase, adding emphasis.
- Example: "There's only one thing standing in my way — success."
Key Differences: Dash vs. Hyphen
| Feature | Dash | Hyphen |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Separates groups of words, indicates a pause or range | Connects parts of words |
| Length | Longer than a hyphen | Shorter than a dash |
| Placement | Mid-line | Between word parts |
| Example | "She was happy—extremely happy—to be there." | "well-being," "state-of-the-art" |
Practical Tips for Using Dashes
- Consistency is Key: Choose whether you'll use spaced or unspaced em dashes and stick with that choice throughout your document.
- Avoid Overuse: Overusing dashes can make your writing seem disjointed. Use them sparingly for maximum impact.
- Consider Your Audience: In formal writing, parentheses or commas might be preferred over dashes for setting off information.
