Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is primarily caused by poor oral hygiene. This allows plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, to build up on teeth and harden into tartar. This bacterial buildup leads to inflammation and infection of the gums and surrounding tissues.
Key Causes of Gum Disease:
- Plaque Buildup: The primary culprit is the accumulation of plaque, a sticky bacterial film that constantly forms on teeth. Insufficient brushing and flossing allow this plaque to harden into tartar, which is much harder to remove. [Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)]
- Poor Brushing and Flossing Habits: Inadequate oral hygiene practices directly contribute to plaque accumulation, setting the stage for gum disease. [Source: Cleveland Clinic]
- Harmful Bacteria: While some bacteria in plaque are harmless, others are directly responsible for gum inflammation and infection. [Source: NHS Inform]
- Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of severe gum disease and is a major contributing factor in the United States. It weakens the immune system's ability to fight off the bacteria causing gum disease. [Source: CDC]
- Genetics: A family history of gum disease increases the likelihood of developing the condition. Genetic predispositions can influence how the body responds to bacterial infections.
- Systemic Diseases: Certain medical conditions like diabetes can increase susceptibility to gum disease due to their effects on the immune system.
Stages of Gum Disease:
Gum disease progresses in stages, beginning with gingivitis (reversible gum inflammation) and potentially developing into periodontitis (a more severe, irreversible infection that can lead to tooth loss). Early detection and improved oral hygiene can often reverse gingivitis. [Source: WebMD, Mayo Clinic]
Prevention and Treatment:
- Regular Brushing and Flossing: The most effective prevention involves thorough brushing twice daily and flossing at least once daily.
- Professional Cleanings: Regular dental checkups and professional cleanings are crucial for removing plaque and tartar buildup that you can't remove yourself.
- Quitting Smoking: Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of severe gum disease and improves overall oral health.
