Swollen gums, also known as gingival swelling, are often a sign of gum disease, but several other factors can cause this painful and uncomfortable condition. The inflammation can affect one or more areas between your teeth (papillae) or the entire gum line.
Common Causes of Swollen Gums
Several factors can contribute to swollen gums. Let's explore the most common:
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Poor Dental Hygiene: The accumulation of plaque and tartar on your teeth irritates the gums, leading to swelling and bleeding. This is the most frequent cause and often leads to gingivitis, an early stage of gum disease. [The longer that plaque and tartar remain on your teeth, the more they irritate the gingiva. In time, your gums become swollen and bleed easily. This is called gingivitis. If not treated, gingivitis can lead to tooth decay, periodontitis and tooth loss.] [Source: Various articles, see references]
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Gum Disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis): Gingivitis is the initial stage, characterized by swollen, red, and bleeding gums. If left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis, a more severe infection affecting the bone and tissues supporting your teeth. [It starts with swollen, red, and bleeding gums. If left untreated, it can spread to the bones surrounding the gums, making it painful to chew. In the worst case, it can lead to tooth loss.] [Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research]
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Abscess: A localized infection, often around a single tooth, can cause significant swelling and pain. [When gums swell around a single tooth in this way, it usually indicates an infection. This is called an abscess…] [Source: Stonebridge Dental]
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Medications: Certain medications can have swollen gums as a side effect.
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Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly during pregnancy, can increase gum sensitivity and inflammation. [Some women get swollen and sore gums, which may bleed, during pregnancy. Bleeding gums are caused by a build-up of plaque on the teeth.] [Source: NHS]
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Systemic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes can increase the risk and severity of gum disease. [Gum disease advances in stages, from inflamed gums to tooth loss.] [Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]
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Injury or Trauma: Direct injury to the gums can cause localized swelling.
What to Do if Your Gums are Swollen
If you experience swollen gums, it's crucial to consult a dentist. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing further complications. They can determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment, which may include:
- Improved Oral Hygiene: Thorough brushing and flossing to remove plaque and tartar.
- Professional Cleaning: Removal of built-up plaque and tartar by a dental professional.
- Antibiotics: For infections like abscesses.
- Treatment for Underlying Conditions: Managing systemic diseases or hormonal imbalances.
