If your gums are growing over your teeth and bleeding, you likely have gingival hyperplasia (also known as gum overgrowth) compounded by inflammation, potentially indicating gingivitis or a more advanced stage of periodontitis (gum disease). Here's a breakdown of why this might be happening:
Gingival Hyperplasia (Gum Overgrowth)
Gingival hyperplasia refers to an abnormal increase in the size of the gingiva (gums). While the reference notes it can be difficult to determine the cause on your own, here are some key possibilities:
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Medications: Certain medications are known to cause gingival hyperplasia as a side effect. Common culprits include:
- Antiseizure drugs: Phenytoin (Dilantin), often used to treat epilepsy.
- Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, used to prevent organ rejection after transplants.
- Calcium channel blockers: Nifedipine, amlodipine, and verapamil, used to treat high blood pressure.
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Genetics: In some cases, gingival hyperplasia can be hereditary, meaning it runs in families.
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Systemic Diseases: Certain systemic diseases, such as leukemia or sarcoidosis, can contribute to gingival overgrowth.
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Poor Oral Hygiene: While not a direct cause of hyperplasia, poor oral hygiene can exacerbate the condition. Plaque and tartar buildup irritate the gums, causing inflammation and potentially contributing to the overgrowth.
Bleeding Gums: Inflammation and Gum Disease
Bleeding gums are a classic sign of gum inflammation, usually stemming from:
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Gingivitis: This is the early stage of gum disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums caused by plaque and tartar buildup. The gums become red, swollen, and bleed easily, especially when brushing or flossing.
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Periodontitis: If gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis. This more severe form of gum disease involves damage to the tissues and bone that support the teeth, potentially leading to tooth loss. Bleeding gums, along with receding gums, pockets forming between the teeth and gums, and loose teeth, are characteristic signs.
The Connection: Hyperplasia and Bleeding
The enlarged gum tissue associated with gingival hyperplasia can make it more difficult to maintain good oral hygiene. The extra tissue can create pockets where plaque and bacteria accumulate, leading to increased inflammation and bleeding. Furthermore, the enlarged gums are inherently more susceptible to irritation and bleeding.
What You Should Do
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See a Dentist or Periodontist Immediately: This is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. They can determine the underlying cause of the gum overgrowth and bleeding, and recommend appropriate treatment.
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Improve Your Oral Hygiene: Even if medication or genetics are contributing factors, meticulous oral hygiene is essential. This includes:
- Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
- Flossing daily.
- Using an antibacterial mouthwash.
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Discuss Your Medications with Your Doctor: If you suspect a medication is causing gingival hyperplasia, talk to your doctor. They may be able to adjust your dosage or switch you to an alternative medication.
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Professional Cleaning: Regular dental cleanings are important to remove plaque and tartar buildup, which contribute to gum inflammation.
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Possible Treatments for Hyperplasia: Depending on the cause and severity, treatment for gingival hyperplasia may include:
- Scaling and Root Planing: A deep cleaning procedure to remove plaque and tartar from below the gum line.
- Gingivectomy: A surgical procedure to remove excess gum tissue.
- Medication Adjustment: If medication is the cause, adjusting the dosage or switching to an alternative.
In summary, the combination of gum overgrowth and bleeding likely indicates a complex situation involving both gingival hyperplasia and inflammation/gum disease. Professional diagnosis and treatment are essential.
