Paneth cells are highly specialized secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn. These cells are crucial for maintaining the health of the gut by producing antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulating proteins that help regulate the balance of the intestinal flora.
They play a vital role in innate immunity, defending against pathogens and maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier.
Here are some key functions of Paneth cells:
- Secretion of antimicrobial peptides: Paneth cells produce a variety of antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, lysozyme, and phospholipase A2, which effectively kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Regulation of intestinal microbiota: By controlling the composition of the intestinal microbiota, Paneth cells help maintain a healthy balance of beneficial and harmful microorganisms.
- Niche for intestinal stem cells: These cells are positioned at the base of the crypts, where they create a supportive environment for intestinal stem cells, ensuring continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium.
- Immune modulation: Paneth cells also secrete immunomodulatory proteins, which help regulate the immune response in the gut and prevent excessive inflammation.
In summary, Paneth cells are essential for maintaining a healthy intestinal environment by defending against pathogens, regulating the microbiota, supporting stem cells, and modulating the immune response.
