What Causes Heart Attacks?
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or completely blocked. This blockage typically stems from a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD). However, less frequently, a sudden and severe spasm in a coronary artery can also cause a heart attack.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of heart attacks. It develops over time due to a gradual buildup of cholesterol and other substances, forming plaque within the coronary arteries. This plaque buildup narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Eventually, this plaque can rupture, forming a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow, triggering a heart attack.
- How CAD contributes: Plaque buildup gradually restricts blood flow. A rupture in the plaque leads to clot formation, causing complete blockage.
Less Common Cause: Coronary Artery Spasm
While less frequent, a sudden and severe spasm, or contraction, of a coronary artery can abruptly reduce or stop blood flow to the heart muscle, resulting in a heart attack. This is often unpredictable and can occur even in individuals without significant underlying CAD.
- How spasms cause heart attacks: Sudden constriction of the artery cuts off blood supply, leading to immediate heart muscle damage.
Risk Factors Influencing Heart Attacks
Several factors increase the risk of developing CAD and experiencing a heart attack:
- Lifestyle habits: Unhealthy diet (high in saturated and trans fats, sodium), lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption significantly elevate the risk.
- Medical conditions: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity increase the likelihood of CAD development.
- Genetics: Family history of heart disease is a notable risk factor.
- Age: Risk generally increases with age.
Warning Signs and Symptoms
Many heart attacks occur suddenly, but often, individuals experience warning signs hours, days, or even weeks in advance. These warning signs vary, but common symptoms include:
- Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
- Shortness of breath
- Pain radiating to the jaw, neck, back, arm, or shoulder
- Nausea or vomiting
- Lightheadedness or dizziness
It's crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms. The symptoms can differ between men and women. Women may experience less classic chest pain and more often report other symptoms like shortness of breath or back pain.
Note: This information is for educational purposes and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult your healthcare provider for any concerns regarding heart health.
