Low haemoglobin, also known as anemia, has various underlying causes impacting the body's ability to produce or maintain healthy red blood cells.
Common Causes of Low Haemoglobin
Several factors can contribute to low haemoglobin levels. Here's a breakdown of the most common causes:
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Destruction of Red Blood Cells (Hemolysis): This occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. This can be caused by:
- Autoimmune disorders: The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy red blood cells.
- Inherited conditions: such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia which lead to abnormally shaped or fragile red blood cells that are easily destroyed.
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Chronic Diseases: Long-term illnesses can interfere with red blood cell production. Examples include:
- Chronic Kidney Disease: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. Kidney disease can reduce erythropoietin levels.
- Cancer: Some cancers and cancer treatments (like chemotherapy) can suppress bone marrow, the site of red blood cell production.
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) like Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease: Chronic inflammation can affect red blood cell production and absorption of iron.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: This autoimmune disease can also lead to anemia due to chronic inflammation.
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Certain Medications: Some drugs can affect haemoglobin levels.
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Inherited Conditions: Genetic disorders affecting red blood cell production, like thalassemia or sickle cell anemia, can result in lower haemoglobin.
Specific Examples
- Thalassemia: An inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced or absent production of hemoglobin.
- Sickle Cell Anemia: An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to premature destruction.
In summary, low haemoglobin is a complex issue stemming from various factors, including red blood cell destruction, chronic diseases, medications, and inherited conditions. It is crucial to identify the underlying cause for effective treatment.
