Laying outdoor tiles is a rewarding project that can significantly enhance your outdoor living space. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you achieve professional-looking results:
1. Planning and Preparation
Before you even think about mortar, proper planning is essential. This includes calculating the area, choosing the right tiles and materials, and ensuring the sub-base is adequately prepared.
- Calculate the Area: Accurately measure the area you intend to tile. This will determine the quantity of tiles, mortar, grout, and other materials you'll need. Add an extra 10-15% for cuts and potential breakage.
- Choose Your Tiles Wisely: Opt for tiles specifically designed for outdoor use. These are typically frost-resistant, slip-resistant, and durable enough to withstand the elements. Consider the aesthetic you want to achieve and select tiles that complement your outdoor space. Natural stone, porcelain, and concrete tiles are popular choices.
- Gather Your Materials and Tools: You'll need:
- Outdoor tiles
- Tile adhesive (mortar) suitable for outdoor use and your chosen tile type
- Tile grout (also suitable for outdoor use)
- Tile spacers
- Tile cutter (wet saw or manual scorer)
- Rubber mallet
- Notched trowel
- Grout float
- Buckets
- Sponges
- Level
- Measuring tape
- Safety glasses and gloves
2. Sub-Base Preparation: The Foundation for Success
A stable and properly prepared sub-base is critical for preventing cracked tiles and other issues down the line.
- Existing Concrete Slab: If you're tiling over an existing concrete slab, clean it thoroughly with a pressure washer to remove any dirt, debris, oil, or existing coatings. Repair any cracks or imperfections with a concrete patching compound. Apply a suitable primer to the clean, dry surface to promote adhesion of the mortar.
- New Concrete Slab: Allow the concrete slab to cure completely (typically 28 days) before tiling. Clean the surface thoroughly.
- Gravel or Compacted Soil Base: This requires a more involved process:
- Excavate: Dig down to a depth that allows for a compacted gravel base, a layer of mortar, and the thickness of your tiles.
- Gravel Base: Add a layer of compacted gravel (typically 4-6 inches thick) to provide drainage and stability. Use a plate compactor to ensure the gravel is tightly packed.
- Concrete or Cement Board: Pour a thin concrete slab on top of the compacted gravel, or install cement backer boards. If pouring concrete, allow to cure fully before the next steps.
- Primer: Apply a suitable primer to the clean, dry concrete or cement board to promote adhesion of the mortar.
3. Laying the Tiles
Now for the exciting part: bringing your design to life!
- Dry Layout: Before applying any mortar, arrange the tiles in a dry layout to visualize the pattern and ensure proper spacing. Adjust as needed to avoid awkward cuts or gaps.
- Apply the Mortar: Using a notched trowel, spread a layer of mortar evenly over a small section of the prepared surface (typically the area you can tile within 15-20 minutes before the mortar starts to dry). The size of the notch on the trowel depends on the size of the tile you're using - check the mortar manufacturer's recommendations. Apply the mortar with consistent pressure and angle to create uniform ridges.
- Set the Tiles: Carefully place each tile onto the mortar, pressing down firmly and twisting slightly to ensure good contact. Use tile spacers to maintain consistent grout lines. Use a rubber mallet to gently tap the tiles into place and ensure they are level with adjacent tiles. Use a level frequently to check for unevenness.
- Cutting Tiles: Use a tile cutter (wet saw or manual scorer) to make clean, precise cuts as needed. Always wear safety glasses when cutting tiles.
- Continue Tiling: Repeat the process of applying mortar, setting tiles, and cutting as needed until the entire area is tiled.
4. Grouting and Finishing
Grouting fills the gaps between the tiles, provides structural support, and creates a finished look.
- Allow Mortar to Cure: Let the mortar cure completely according to the manufacturer's instructions (typically 24-48 hours).
- Apply Grout: Remove the tile spacers. Using a grout float, spread grout diagonally across the tiles, forcing it into the grout lines.
- Clean Excess Grout: After a few minutes (or according to the grout manufacturer's instructions), use a damp sponge to wipe away excess grout from the tile surfaces. Rinse the sponge frequently in a bucket of clean water.
- Final Cleaning: After the grout has partially cured (again, follow the manufacturer's instructions), use a clean, dry cloth to buff the tile surfaces and remove any remaining grout haze.
- Sealing (Optional): Consider sealing the grout to protect it from stains and moisture. Follow the sealant manufacturer's instructions.
- Protective Coating (Optional): Depending on the type of tile you are using, a protective coating may be beneficial. This can help to protect the tile from weathering and staining.
5. Curing and Maintenance
- Cure Time: Allow the grout to cure completely according to the manufacturer's instructions before using the tiled area.
- Regular Cleaning: Clean your outdoor tiles regularly with a mild detergent and water to maintain their appearance. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, which can damage the tiles or grout.
By following these steps carefully, you can successfully lay outdoor tiles and create a beautiful and functional outdoor space that you'll enjoy for years to come.
