Cortisol is the primary hormone that causes a puffy face, also known as "moon face."
Excessive levels of cortisol in the body lead to the characteristic roundness and swelling in the face. This condition is called hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism and is often associated with Cushing's syndrome. The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, are responsible for releasing cortisol.
Causes of Elevated Cortisol
Several factors can contribute to increased cortisol levels:
- Cushing's Syndrome: This occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for an extended period. It can be caused by:
- Pituitary tumors: These tumors secrete excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol.
- Adrenal tumors: Tumors on the adrenal glands themselves can directly produce excess cortisol.
- Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors: Tumors in other parts of the body can sometimes produce ACTH.
- Medications: Long-term use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, can mimic Cushing's syndrome and lead to a puffy face.
- Stress: While not typically causing the extreme puffiness seen in Cushing's syndrome, chronic stress can elevate cortisol levels, potentially contributing to mild facial swelling.
- Other medical conditions In rare cases, other hormonal imbalances may contribute to the "moon face" effect.
Symptoms of Hypercortisolism
Besides a puffy or moon-shaped face, other symptoms of hypercortisolism include:
- Weight gain, especially in the abdomen
- Thinning skin that bruises easily
- Muscle weakness
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Fatigue
- Acne
Diagnosis and Treatment
If you suspect you have hypercortisolism, it's crucial to consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic tests may include:
- Urine cortisol tests
- Blood cortisol tests
- Saliva cortisol tests
- Imaging scans (MRI or CT) to locate tumors
Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a gradual reduction in corticosteroid use.
