Melatonin is a hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland in the brain that regulates sleep and wakefulness. It is often referred to as the "sleep hormone."
Melatonin's Role and Production
- Circadian Rhythm Regulation: Melatonin's main function is to regulate the circadian rhythm, the body's internal 24-hour clock.
- Production Triggered by Darkness: Melatonin production increases in the evening as darkness approaches, signaling to the body that it's time to sleep. Conversely, light exposure suppresses melatonin production, promoting wakefulness. This is why exposure to screens at night can disrupt sleep patterns.
- Pineal Gland: The pineal gland is responsible for synthesizing and releasing melatonin.
- Synthesis from Tryptophan: Melatonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan, which is converted into serotonin and then into melatonin.
Other Functions of Melatonin
While best known for its role in sleep, melatonin has other functions:
- Antioxidant Properties: Melatonin acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
- Immune System Modulation: It can influence the immune system.
- Blood Pressure Regulation: Some studies suggest a potential role in regulating blood pressure.
Factors Affecting Melatonin Levels
Several factors can affect melatonin levels:
- Light Exposure: As mentioned, light suppresses melatonin production.
- Age: Melatonin production typically decreases with age, potentially contributing to sleep problems in older adults.
- Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions and medications can interfere with melatonin production.
Melatonin Supplements
Melatonin is available as a dietary supplement and is often used to treat:
- Insomnia: To help people fall asleep and stay asleep.
- Jet Lag: To reset the body's internal clock after traveling across time zones.
- Shift Work Sleep Disorder: To help shift workers adjust to irregular sleep schedules.
Important Note: While generally considered safe, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking melatonin supplements, especially if you have underlying medical conditions or are taking other medications.
