Immunity is tested by evaluating different components of the immune system. One crucial way to test immunity, particularly humoral immunity, involves measuring antibody levels in the blood.
Testing for Antibody Deficiency
Testing for antibody deficiencies focuses on measuring levels of specific immunoglobulins (Igs), which are also known as antibodies. These tests are conducted through blood serum analysis.
Immunoglobulin Measurement
The primary method for screening humoral immune function includes:
- Measuring Immunoglobulin Levels: Standard tests involve quantifying the levels of different types of immunoglobulins in the blood serum.
- IgG (Immunoglobulin G): The most abundant antibody in the blood, providing long-term protection against infections.
- IgA (Immunoglobulin A): Found in mucous membranes, protecting against pathogens at body surfaces.
- IgM (Immunoglobulin M): The first antibody produced during an immune response.
- Sometimes IgE (Immunoglobulin E): Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Interpretation of Results
The obtained immunoglobulin levels are then compared against age-matched control values. This comparison is vital, as normal ranges of antibody levels can vary at different stages of life.
Why are these tests important?
- Diagnosis: These tests help identify specific antibody deficiencies.
- Treatment Planning: Understanding the exact nature of a deficiency aids doctors in prescribing targeted therapies.
- Monitoring: Regular testing monitors the effectiveness of treatment plans and tracks the patient's immune health.
Types of Immunity Tested
In addition to the described humoral immune testing, immunity can also be tested by assessing:
- Cellular immunity: This is done by assessing T cells, and the functional response.
- Innate immunity: Assessment may focus on testing for phagocyte or natural killer cell dysfunction.
| Component of Immunity | Method of Testing |
|---|---|
| Humoral Immunity | Measuring levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and sometimes IgE in blood serum. |
| Cellular Immunity | Testing the function and numbers of T cells. |
| Innate immunity | Assessing phagocyte and natural killer cell function. |
