Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection that commonly affects young children.
Here's a breakdown of what you need to know:
Causes and Transmission
HFMD is most often caused by coxsackieviruses, particularly coxsackievirus A16. Other enteroviruses can also cause the disease. It spreads easily through:
- Direct contact: With nasal secretions, saliva, blister fluid, or stool of an infected person.
- Respiratory droplets: Coughing or sneezing.
- Contaminated surfaces: Touching surfaces with the virus on them.
Symptoms
The hallmark symptoms of HFMD include:
- Fever: Often the first sign.
- Sore throat: Making it difficult or painful to swallow.
- Painful sores in the mouth: Usually appearing on the tongue, gums, and inside the cheeks. These often start as small red spots that blister.
- Skin rash: Typically on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash may also appear on the buttocks, legs, or arms. The rash usually isn't itchy, but it can blister.
- Loss of appetite: Due to painful mouth sores.
- Irritability: Especially in young children.
Diagnosis
A doctor usually diagnoses HFMD based on:
- Physical exam: Observing the characteristic rash and mouth sores.
- Medical history: Asking about recent symptoms and exposures.
Lab tests are rarely needed to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
There is no specific cure for HFMD. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms:
- Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce fever and pain.
- Mouthwash or sprays: To help numb the mouth and throat.
- Fluids: Drinking plenty of fluids is essential to prevent dehydration. Avoid acidic drinks like juice, which can irritate mouth sores.
- Soft foods: Offer soft, easy-to-swallow foods if mouth sores make it difficult to eat.
Prevention
Good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of HFMD:
- Frequent handwashing: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before preparing food.
- Avoid touching face: Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
- Disinfect surfaces: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, such as toys, doorknobs, and countertops.
- Avoid close contact: Avoid close contact with people who have HFMD, such as kissing, hugging, or sharing utensils.
- Stay home when sick: Keep children with HFMD home from school or daycare to prevent further spread.
Complications
HFMD is typically a mild illness, but complications can occur, although they are rare:
- Dehydration: Due to difficulty swallowing.
- Viral meningitis: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain.
Outlook
Most people recover from HFMD within 7 to 10 days without any long-term problems.
