The only musical instrument explicitly allowed in Islam under specific circumstances by some interpretations is the duff (a frame drum).
While the permissibility of musical instruments in Islam is a topic of scholarly debate, the duff holds a unique position due to certain hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad) that suggest its allowance in specific contexts. These contexts generally involve celebrations and joyous occasions.
Here's a breakdown:
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General View on Musical Instruments: Many Islamic scholars hold the view that musical instruments, in general, are haram (forbidden), citing certain Quranic verses and hadith that discourage frivolous activities and promote mindfulness of Allah.
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The Duff Exception: Some hadith make exceptions for the duff in certain situations. These situations include:
- Eid Celebrations: The festive atmosphere of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha may include the playing of the duff.
- Weddings (Nikah): Playing the duff is permissible during weddings to announce and celebrate the marriage.
- Welcoming Returning Travelers: When someone returns from a long journey, the duff may be played to express joy and welcome them.
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Conditions for Permissibility: Even when the duff is permitted, certain conditions often apply:
- No Mixing with Haram Activities: The celebration should not involve other activities that are considered haram (forbidden), such as excessive mixing of genders, consumption of alcohol, or promotion of immoral behavior.
- Purpose: The intention should be purely for celebration and joy, not for inciting base desires or diverting from religious obligations.
- Humility: The celebrations should be conducted with humility and gratitude to Allah, avoiding arrogance and extravagance.
It's important to note that the permissibility of the duff, even in these specific circumstances, is not universally agreed upon among Islamic scholars. Some scholars maintain that all musical instruments, including the duff, are haram. Therefore, Muslims should consult with knowledgeable scholars and follow their own conscience based on their understanding of Islamic teachings.
