IV insertion, also known as intravenous cannulation or peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation, is the process of inserting a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into a vein to deliver fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into the bloodstream. This technique provides a quick and efficient way to administer substances that need to be absorbed rapidly.
Types of IV Access
There are several types of IV access, differing primarily in location and duration:
- Peripheral IV Lines: These are the most common type, using small catheters inserted into a vein in the arm or hand. As stated in StatPearls, "[Peripheral line placement, also referred to as peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation, is the insertion of an indwelling single-lumen plastic conduit across the skin into a peripheral vein." These lines are typically used for short-term treatment (days to weeks).
- Examples of commonly used veins include the median antecubital, cephalic, and basilic veins (as noted in Safer Care Victoria's guidance).
- Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC lines): These catheters are longer and inserted into a peripheral vein, but their tip sits in a larger vein near the heart. As Wikipedia explains, "An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a 'peripherally inserted central catheter' or PICC line." PICC lines are suitable for longer-term treatment (weeks to months).
- Central Venous Catheters (CVCs): These catheters are inserted into a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin and are used for long-term access, often in patients requiring ongoing intravenous therapy. The American Cancer Society mentions CVCs as one of several types of catheters used in cancer treatment.
The Procedure
The procedure involves:
- Selecting an appropriate vein.
- Cleaning the insertion site with an antiseptic solution.
- Inserting a needle into the vein, followed by threading the catheter through the needle into the vein.
- Removing the needle while securing the catheter.
- Applying a dressing to the insertion site.
Aseptic technique is crucial during the entire procedure to minimize the risk of infection (as emphasized in the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne's clinical guideline).
Potential Complications
While generally safe, IV insertion can lead to complications like:
- Infection at the insertion site.
- Hematoma (blood clot) formation.
- Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein).
- Vein damage or collapse.
The use of virtual reality to reduce pain during IV insertion has also been explored (PubMed). Distraction techniques, such as parental coaching, can also help alleviate anxiety and pain (PubMed).
