The principle of difference and fair equality of opportunity are interconnected principles of justice, primarily associated with John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. They address how a just society should distribute resources and opportunities.
Fair Equality of Opportunity (FEO)
FEO dictates that social positions, such as jobs, should be open and allocated based on merit. It means that individuals with similar abilities and skills should have similar life chances, regardless of their social background. This doesn't mean complete equality of outcome, acknowledging that natural talents and endowments vary. However, it does require removing unfair barriers to success, ensuring that factors like race, gender, or socioeconomic status don't unduly influence who achieves advantaged positions.
- Example: FEO would require eliminating discriminatory hiring practices that favor certain groups over others. It aims for a system where the most qualified candidates are selected, regardless of background.
- In essence: FEO levels the playing field, ensuring everyone has a fair chance to compete.
The Difference Principle
The difference principle complements FEO. It addresses inequalities that remain even after implementing FEO. It states that inequalities are only justifiable if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. This means that while some individuals may accumulate more wealth or income than others, these disparities must contribute to improving the overall well-being of the worst-off.
- Example: A system with significant income inequality might be justified under the difference principle if the high earners' wealth is used to fund social programs that substantially improve the lives of the poor (e.g., through better healthcare, education, or social safety nets).
- In essence: The difference principle allows for inequality, but only when it serves to maximize the position of the least well-off.
Relationship between FEO and the Difference Principle:
Both principles are essential parts of Rawls' theory. FEO takes precedence, meaning a just society must first ensure fair access to opportunities before considering inequalities in outcomes. However, the difference principle guides how these inequalities, which remain even with FEO, should be structured to benefit the least advantaged. References repeatedly emphasize the hierarchical relationship, with FEO being prioritized over the difference principle.
