Keratin is primarily obtained through extraction from various animal sources.
Sources of Keratin
Keratin, a fibrous structural protein, is commonly extracted from a range of biological materials. These sources include:
- Animal Byproducts:
- Chicken feathers
- Beaks
- Claws
- Nails
- Horns
- Hooves
- Wool
- Human Sources:
- Hair
- Toenails
Extraction Methods
The reference material indicates that "several studies have been conducted on various extraction, purification, characterisation and application of keratin proteins." While the specific methods of extraction are not detailed in the provided text, it's clear that scientific investigations have explored various techniques to obtain keratin from the aforementioned sources. Typically, these methods involve:
- Physical Treatments: Such as mechanical separation and grinding to isolate the keratin-rich components.
- Chemical Treatments: Involving solvents and reducing agents to break down disulfide bonds in keratin to make it soluble and extractable.
- Biological Treatments: Using enzymes to assist in the extraction process.
Applications of Extracted Keratin
Once extracted and purified, keratin finds applications across numerous fields. Some examples are:
- Biomedical: Wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems.
- Cosmetics: Hair and skin care products.
- Textiles: Improving fabric properties.
- Packaging: Biodegradable films.
Summary Table of Keratin Sources
| Source Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Animal Byproducts | Chicken feathers, beaks, claws, nails, horns, hooves, wool |
| Human Sources | Hair, toenails |
In conclusion, keratin is obtained from both animal and human sources, including chicken feathers, beaks, claws, nails, horns, hooves, human hair, toenails, and wool. The extraction process varies, but it typically involves physical, chemical, or biological methods.
